pypiserver - minimal, pip-compatible PyPI server

Version	2.0.0dev1
Date	2020-10-10
Source	https://github.com/pypiserver/pypiserver
PyPI	https://pypi.org/project/pypiserver/
CI	https://github.com/pypiserver/pypiserver/actions
Maintainers	Matthew Planchard (msplanchard at gmail)
License	zlib/libpng + MIT
Community	Zulip

Questions? Comments? Please feel free to raise an issue, or reach out to us on Zulip!

Note: The instructions here are in the process of being updated for the upcoming pypiserver 2.0 release, which includes some new configuration options and commands. If you are running the current production release, please use the instructions here instead

pypiserver is a minimal PyPI_ compatible server for pip or easy_install. It is based on bottle and serves packages from regular directories. Wheels, bdists, eggs and accompanying PGP-signatures can be uploaded either with pip, setuptools, twine, pypi-uploader, or simply copied with scp.

Table of Contents

• pypiserver - minimal, pip-compatible PyPI server

Note:

The official software powering PyPI_ is Warehouse_. However, Warehouse_ is fairly specialized to be pypi.org's own software, and should not be used in other contexts. In particular, it does not officially support being used as a custom package index by users wishing to serve their own packages.

pypiserver implements the same interfaces as PyPI, allowing standard Python packaging tooling such as pip and twine to interact with it as a package index just as they would with PyPI_, while making it much easier to get a running index server.

Quickstart: Installation and Usage

pypiserver works with Python 3.6+ and PyPy3.

Older Python versions may still work, but they are not tested.

For legacy Python versions, use pypiserver-1.x series. Note that these are not officially supported, and will not receive bugfixes or new features.

Tip:

The commands below work on a unix-like operating system with a posix shell. The '~' character expands to user's home directory.

If you're using Windows, you'll have to use their "Windows counterparts". The same is true for the rest of this documentation.

1. Install pypiserver with this command:

   pip install pypiserver                # Or: pypiserver[passlib,watchdog]
   mkdir ~/packages                      # Copy packages into this directory.
   

See also Alternative Installation methods

2. Copy some packages into your ~/packages folder and then get your pypiserver up and running:

   pypi-server run -p 8080 ~/packages &      # Will listen to all IPs.
   

3. From the client computer, type this:

   # Download and install hosted packages.
   pip install --extra-index-url http://localhost:8080/simple/ ...
   
   # or
   pip install --extra-index-url http://localhost:8080 ...
   
   # Search hosted packages.
   pip search --index http://localhost:8080 ...
   
   # Note that pip search does not currently work with the /simple/ endpoint.
   

See also Client-side configurations for avoiding tedious typing.

4. Enter pypi-server -h in the cmd-line to print a detailed usage message:

   pypi-server [OPTIONS] [PACKAGES_DIRECTORY...]
       start PyPI compatible package server serving packages from
       PACKAGES_DIRECTORY. If PACKAGES_DIRECTORY is not given on the
       command line, it uses the default ~/packages. pypiserver scans this
       directory recursively for packages. It skips packages and
       directories starting with a dot. Multiple package directories can be
       specified.
   
   pypi-server understands the following options:
   
       -p, --port PORT
       Listen on port PORT (default: 8080).
   
       -i, --interface INTERFACE
       Listen on interface INTERFACE (default: 0.0.0.0, any interface).
   
       -a, --authenticate (update|download|list), ...
       Comma-separated list of (case-insensitive) actions to authenticate.
       Requires to have set the password (-P option).
       To password-protect package downloads (in addition to uploads) while
       leaving listings public, use:
           -P foo/htpasswd.txt -a update,download
       To allow unauthorized access, use:
           -P . -a .
       Note that when uploads are not protected, the `register` command
       is not necessary, but `~/.pypirc` still need username and password fields,
       even if bogus.
       By default, only 'update' is password-protected.
   
       -P, --passwords PASSWORD_FILE
       Use apache htpasswd file PASSWORD_FILE to set usernames & passwords when
       authenticating certain actions (see -a option).
       To allow unauthorized access, use:
           -P . -a .
   
       --disable-fallback
       Disable redirect to real PyPI index for packages not found in the
       local index.
   
       --fallback-url FALLBACK_URL
       For packages not found in the local index, this URL will be used to
       redirect to (default: https://pypi.org/simple/).
   
       --server METHOD
       Use METHOD to run the server. Valid values include paste,
       cherrypy, twisted, gunicorn, gevent, wsgiref, auto. The
       default is to use "auto" which chooses one of paste, cherrypy,
       twisted or wsgiref.
   
       -r, --root PACKAGES_DIRECTORY
       [deprecated] Serve packages from PACKAGES_DIRECTORY.
   
       -o, --overwrite
       Allow overwriting existing package files.
   
       --hash-algo ALGO
       Any `hashlib` available algo used as fragments on package links.
       Set one of (0, no, off, false) to disabled it (default: md5).
   
       --welcome HTML_FILE
       Uses the ASCII contents of HTML_FILE as welcome message response.
   
       -v
       Enable verbose logging; repeat for more verbosity.
   
       --log-conf <FILE>
       Read logging configuration from FILE.
       By default, configuration is read from `log.conf` if found in server's dir.
   
       --log-file <FILE>
       Write logging info into this FILE.
   
       --log-frmt <FILE>
       The logging format-string (see `logging.LogRecord` class from standard python library).
       [Default: %(asctime)s|%(name)s|%(levelname)s|%(thread)d|%(message)s]
   
       --log-req-frmt FORMAT
       A format-string selecting Http-Request properties to log; set to '%s' to see them all.
       [Default: %(bottle.request)s]
   
       --log-res-frmt FORMAT
       A format-string selecting Http-Response properties to log; set to  '%s' to see them all.
       [Default: %(status)s]
   
       --log-err-frmt FORMAT
       A format-string selecting Http-Error properties to log; set to  '%s' to see them all.
       [Default: %(body)s: %(exception)s \n%(traceback)s]
   
       --cache-control AGE
       Add "Cache-Control: max-age=AGE, public" header to package downloads.
       Pip 6+ needs this for caching.
   
   pypi-server -h, --help
       Show this help message.
   
   pypi-server --version
       Show pypi-server's version.
   
   pypi-server -U [OPTIONS] [PACKAGES_DIRECTORY...]
       Update packages in PACKAGES_DIRECTORY. This command searches
       pypi.org for updates and shows a pip command line which
       updates the package.
   
   The following additional options can be specified with -U:
   
       -x
       Execute the pip commands instead of only showing them.
   
       -d DOWNLOAD_DIRECTORY
       Download package updates to this directory. The default is to use
       the directory which contains the latest version of the package to
       be updated.
   
       -u
       Allow updating to unstable version (alpha, beta, rc, dev versions).
   
   Visit https://github.com/pypiserver/pypiserver for more information.
   

Client-Side Configurations

Always specifying the the pypi url on the command line is a bit cumbersome. Since pypiserver redirects pip/easy_install to the pypi.org index if it doesn't have a requested package, it is a good idea to configure them to always use your local pypi index.

Configuring pip

For pip command this can be done by setting the environment variable PIP_EXTRA_INDEX_URL in your .bashr/.profile/.zshrc:

export PIP_EXTRA_INDEX_URL=http://localhost:8080/simple/

or by adding the following lines to ~/.pip/pip.conf:

[global]
extra-index-url = http://localhost:8080/simple/

Note:

If you have installed pypiserver on a remote url without https you wil receive an "untrusted" warning from pip, urging you to append the --trusted-host option. You can also include this option permanently in your configuration-files or environment variables.

Configuring easy_install

For easy_install command you may set the following configuration in ~/.pydistutils.cfg:

[easy_install]
index_url = http://localhost:8080/simple/

Uploading Packages Remotely

Instead of copying packages directly to the server's folder (i.e. with scp), you may use python tools for the task, e.g. python setup.py upload. In that case, pypiserver is responsible for authenticating the upload-requests.

Warning:

We strongly advise to password-protected your uploads!

It is possible to disable authentication for uploads (e.g. in intranets). To avoid lazy security decisions, read help for -P and -a options.

Apache-Like Authentication (htpasswd)

1. First make sure you have the passlib module installed (note that passlib>=1.6 is required), which is needed for parsing the Apache htpasswd file specified by the -P, --passwords option (see next steps):

   pip install passlib
   

2. Create the Apache htpasswd file with at least one user/password pair with this command (you'll be prompted for a password):

   htpasswd -sc htpasswd.txt <some_username>
   

   Tip:

   Read this SO question for running htpasswd cmd under Windows: http://serverfault.com/questions/152950/how-to-create-and-edit-htaccess-and-htpasswd-locally-on-my-computer-and-then-u

   or if you have bogus passwords that you don't care because they are for an internal service (which is still "bad", from a security prespective...) you may use this public service: http://www.htaccesstools.com/htpasswd-generator/

   Tip:

   When accessing pypiserver via the api, alternate authentication methods are available via the auther config flag. Any callable returning a boolean can be passed through to the pypiserver config in order to provide custom authentication. For example, to configure pypiserver to authenticate using the python-pam:

   import pam
   pypiserver.default_config(auther=pam.authenticate)
   

   Please see Using Ad-hoc authentication providers_ for more information.

3. You need to restart the server with the -P option only once (but user/password pairs can later be added or updated on the fly):

   ./pypi-server -p 8080 -P htpasswd.txt ~/packages &
   

Upload with twine

To avoid storing you passwords on disk, in clear text, you may either:

• use the register setuptools's command with the -r option, like this:

  python setup.py sdist register -r local upload -r local
  

• use the twine library, which breaks the procedure in two steps. In addition, it supports signing your files with PGP-Signatures and uploading the generated .asc files to pypiserver:

  twine upload -r local --sign -identity user_name ./foo-1.zip
  

Note:

twine is our official recommendation for uploading packages, and it is what we test pypiserver with.

Upload with setuptools

1. On client-side, edit or create a ~/.pypirc file with a similar content:

   [distutils]
   index-servers =
   pypi
   local
   
   [pypi]
   username:<your_pypi_username>
   password:<your_pypi_passwd>
   
   [local]
   repository: http://localhost:8080
   username: <some_username>
   password: <some_passwd>
   

2. Then from within the directory of the python-project you wish to upload, issue this command:

   python setup.py sdist upload -r local
   

Using the Docker Image

Starting with version 1.2.5, official Docker images will be built for each push to master, each dev, alpha, or beta release, and each final release. The most recent full release will always be available under the tag latest, and the current master branch will always be available under the tag unstable.

You can always check to see what tags are currently available at our Docker Repo.

To run the most recent release of pypiserver with Docker, simply:

docker run pypiserver/pypiserver:latest

This starts pypiserver serving packages from the /data/packages directory inside the container, listening on the container port 8080.

The container takes all the same arguments as the normal pypi-server executable, with the exception of the internal container port (-p), which will always be 8080.

Of course, just running a container isn't that interesting. To map port 8090 on the host to port 8080 on the container:

docker run -p 8090:8080 pypiserver/pypiserver:latest

You can now access your pypiserver at localhost:8090 in a web browser.

To serve packages from a directory on the host, e.g. ~/packages:

docker run -p 80:8080 -v ~/packages:/data/packages pypiserver/pypiserver:latest

To authenticate against a local .htpasswd file:

docker run -p 80:8080 -v ~/.htpasswd:/data/.htpasswd pypiserver/pypiserver:latest -P .htpasswd packages

You can also specify pypiserver to run as a Docker service using a composefile. An example composefile is provided.

Alternative Installation Methods

When trying the methods below, first use the following command to check whether previous versions of pypiserver already exist, and (optionally) uninstall them:

# VERSION-CHECK: Fails if not installed.
pypi-server --version

# UNINSTALL: Invoke again untill it fails.
pip uninstall pypiserver

Installing the Very Latest Version

If the latest version in pypi is a pre-release, you have to use pip's --pre option. And to update an existing installation combine it with --ignore-installed:

pip install pypiserver --pre --ignore-installed

You can even install the latest pypiserver directly from github with the following command, assuming you have git installed on your PATH:

pip install git+git://github.com/pypiserver/pypiserver.git

Running on Heroku/Dotcloud

https://github.com/dexterous/pypiserver-on-the-cloud contains instructions on how to run pypiserver on certain cloud service providers.

Recipes

Managing the Package Directory

The pypi-server command has a update option, which searches for updates of available packages. It scans the package directory for available packages and searches on pypi.org for updates. Without further options, pypi-server update will just print a list of commands which must be run in order to get the latest version of each package. The output looks like:

$ ./pypi-server -U
checking 106 packages for newer version

.........u.e...........e..u.............
.....e..............................e...
..........................

no releases found on pypi for PyXML, Pymacs, mercurial, setuptools

# update raven from 1.4.3 to 1.4.4
pip -q install --no-deps  --extra-index-url https://pypi.org/simple/ -d /home/ralf/packages/mirror raven==1.4.4

# update greenlet from 0.3.3 to 0.3.4
pip -q install --no-deps  --extra-index-url https://pypi.org/simple/ -d /home/ralf/packages/mirror greenlet==0.3.4

It first prints for each package a single character after checking the available versions on pypi. A dot(.) means the package is up-to-date, 'u' means the package can be updated and 'e' means the list of releases on pypi is empty. After that it shows a pip command line which can be used to update a one package. Either copy and paste that or run pypi-server update -x in order to really execute those commands. You need to have pip installed for that to work however.

Specifying an additional -u option will also allow alpha, beta and release candidates to be downloaded. Without this option these releases won't be considered.

Serving Thousands of Packages

By default, pypiserver scans the entire packages directory each time an incoming HTTP request occurs. This isn't a problem for a small number of packages, but causes noticeable slow-downs when serving thousands of packages.

If you run into this problem, significant speedups can be gained by enabling pypiserver's directory caching functionality. The only requirement is to install the watchdog package, or it can be installed during pypiserver installation, by specifying the cache extras option:

pip install pypiserver[cache]

Additional speedups can be obtained by using your webserver's builtin caching functionality. For example, if you are using nginx as a reverse-proxy as described below in Behind a reverse proxy, you can easily enable caching. For example, to allow nginx to cache up to 10 gigabytes of data for up to 1 hour:

proxy_cache_path /data/nginx/cache
                    levels=1:2
                    keys_zone=pypiserver_cache:10m
                    max_size=10g
                    inactive=60m
                    use_temp_path=off;

server {
    # ...
    location / {
        proxy_cache pypiserver_cache;
        proxy_pass http://localhost:8080;
    }
}

Using webserver caching is especially helpful if you have high request volume. Using nginx caching, a real-world pypiserver installation was able to easily support over 1000 package downloads/min at peak load.

Managing Automated Startup

There are a variety of options for handling the automated starting of pypiserver upon system startup. Two of the most common are systemd and supervisor for linux systems. For windows creating services with scripts isn't an easy task without a third party tool such as NSSM.

Running As a systemd Service

systemd is installed by default on most modern Linux systems and as such, it is an excellent option for managing the pypiserver process. An example config file for systemd can be seen below:

[Unit]
Description=A minimal PyPI server for use with pip/easy_install.
After=network.target

[Service]
Type=simple
# systemd requires absolute path here too.
PIDFile=/var/run/pypiserver.pid
User=www-data
Group=www-data

ExecStart=/usr/local/bin/pypi-server -p 8080 -a update,download --log-file /var/log/pypiserver.log -P /etc/nginx/.htpasswd /var/www/pypi
ExecStop=/bin/kill -TERM $MAINPID
ExecReload=/bin/kill -HUP $MAINPID
Restart=always

WorkingDirectory=/var/www/pypi

TimeoutStartSec=3
RestartSec=5

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

Adjusting the paths and adding this file as pypiserver.service into your systemd/system directory will allow management of the pypiserver process with systemctl, e.g. systemctl start pypiserver.

More useful information about systemd can be found at https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-use-systemctl-to-manage-systemd-services-and-units

Launching through supervisor

supervisor <http://supervisord.org/>_ has the benefit of being a pure python package and as such, it provides excellent cross-platform support for process management. An example configuration file for supervisor is given below:

[program:pypi]
command=/home/pypi/pypi-venv/bin/pypi-server -p 7001 -P /home/pypi/.htpasswd /home/pypi/packages
directory=/home/pypi
user=pypi
autostart=true
autorestart=true
stderr_logfile=/var/log/pypiserver.err.log
stdout_logfile=/var/log/pypiserver.out.log

From there, the process can be managed via supervisord using supervisorctl.

Running As a service with NSSM (Windows)

Download NSSM from https://nssm.cc unzip to a desired location such as Program Files. Decide whether you are going to use win32 or win64, and add that exe to environment PATH.

Create a start_pypiserver.bat:

pypi-server run -p 8080 C:\Path\To\Packages &

Test the batch file by running it first before creating the service. Make sure you can access the server remotely, and install packages. If you can, proceed, if not troubleshoot until you can. This will ensure you know the server works, before adding NSSM into the mix.

From the command prompt:

nssm install pypiserver

This command will launch a NSSM gui application:

Path: C:\Path\To\start_pypiserver.bat
Startup directory: Auto generates when selecting path
Service name: pypiserver

There are more tabs, but that is the basic setup. If the service needs to be running with a certain login credentials, make sure you enter those credentials in the logon tab.

Start the service:

nssm start pypiserver

Other useful commands:

nssm --help
nssm stop <servicename>
nssm restart <servicename>
nssm status <servicename>

For detailed information please visit https://nssm.cc

Using a Different WSGI Server

Note: The default server bottle selects if no others are installed is wsgiref, an example HTTP server in the python standard library. This server IS NOT RECOMMENDED for production use. When running pypiserver in production, it is highly recommended that you install one of the optional servers and specify the --server option, or ensure that the default "auto" option is selecting the server you expect.

• The bottle web-server which supports many WSGI-servers, among others, paste, cherrypy, twisted and wsgiref (part of Python); you select them using the --server flag.

• You may view all supported WSGI servers using the following interactive code:

  >>> from pypiserver import bottle
  >>> list(bottle.server_names.keys())
  ['cgi', 'gunicorn', 'cherrypy', 'eventlet', 'tornado', 'geventSocketIO',
  'rocket', 'diesel', 'twisted', 'wsgiref', 'fapws3', 'bjoern', 'gevent',
  'meinheld', 'auto', 'aiohttp', 'flup', 'gae', 'paste', 'waitress']
      ```
  
  

• If none of the above servers matches your needs, invoke just the pypiserver:app() method which returns the internal WSGI-app WITHOUT starting-up a server - you may then send it to any WSGI server you like. Read also the Utilizing the API section.

• Some examples are given below - you may find more details in bottle site <http://bottlepy.org/docs/dev/deployment.html#switching-the-server-backend>_.

Apache (mod_wsgi)

To use your Apache2 with pypiserver, prefer to utilize mod_wsgi as explained in bottle's documentation <http://bottlepy.org/docs/dev/deployment.html#apache-mod-wsgi>_.

Note: If you choose instead to go with mod_proxy, mind that you may bump into problems with the prefix-path (see #155 <https://github.com/pypiserver/pypiserver/issues/155>_).

1. Adapt and place the following Apache configuration either into top-level scope, or inside some <VirtualHost> (contributed by Thomas Waldmann):

   WSGIScriptAlias   /     /yoursite/wsgi/pypiserver-wsgi.py
   WSGIDaemonProcess       pypisrv user=pypisrv group=pypisrv umask=0007 \
                           processes=1 threads=5 maximum-requests=500 \
                           display-name=wsgi-pypisrv inactivity-timeout=300
   WSGIProcessGroup        pypisrv
   WSGIPassAuthorization On    # Required for authentication (https://github.com/pypiserver/pypiserver/issues/288)
   
   <Directory /yoursite/wsgi >
       Require all granted
   </Directory>
   

   or if using older Apache < 2.4, substitute the last part with this::

   <Directory /yoursite/wsgi >
       Order deny,allow
       Allow from all
   </Directory>
   

2. Then create the /yoursite/cfg/pypiserver.wsgi file and make sure that the user and group of the WSGIDaemonProcess directive (pypisrv:pypisrv in the example) have the read permission on it:

   import pypiserver
   
   conf = pypiserver.default_config(
       root =          "/yoursite/packages",
       password_file = "/yoursite/htpasswd", )
   application = pypiserver.app(**conf)
   

   Tip: If you have installed pypiserver in a virtualenv, follow mod_wsgi's instructions and prepend the python code above with the following::

   import site
   
   site.addsitedir('/yoursite/venv/lib/pythonX.X/site-packages')
   

Note:

For security reasons, notice that the Directory directive grants access to a directory holding the wsgi start-up script, alone; nothing else.

Note:

To enable HTTPS support on Apache, configure the directive that contains the WSGI configuration to use SSL.

gunicorn

The following command uses gunicorn to start pypiserver with four workers:

gunicorn -w4 'pypiserver:app(root="/home/ralf/packages")'

or when using multiple roots:

gunicorn -w4 'pypiserver:app(root=["/home/ralf/packages", "/home/ralf/experimental"])'

paste

paste allows running multiple WSGI applications under different URL paths. Therefore it is possible to serve different sets of packages on different paths.

The following example paste.ini could be used to serve stable and unstable packages on different paths::

[composite:main]
use = egg:Paste#urlmap
/unstable/ = unstable
/ = stable

[app:stable]
use = egg:pypiserver#main
root = ~/stable-packages

[app:unstable]
use = egg:pypiserver#main
root = ~/stable-packages
    ~/unstable-packages

[server:main]
use = egg:gunicorn#main
host = 0.0.0.0
port = 9000
workers = 5
accesslog = -

Note:

You need to install some more dependencies for this to work, like::

pip install paste pastedeploy gunicorn pypiserver

The server can then start with::

gunicorn_paster paste.ini

Behind a Reverse Proxy

You can run pypiserver behind a reverse proxy as well.

Nginx

Extend your nginx configuration:

upstream pypi {
    server              pypiserver.example.com:12345 fail_timeout=0;
}

server {
    server_name         myproxy.example.com;

    location / {
    proxy_set_header  Host $host:$server_port;
    proxy_set_header  X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
    proxy_set_header  X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
    proxy_pass        http://pypi;
    }
}

As of pypiserver 1.3, you may also use the X-Forwarded-Host header in your reverse proxy config to enable changing the base URL. For example if you want to host pypiserver under a particular path on your server:

upstream pypi {
    server              localhost:8000;
}

server {
    location /pypi/ {
        proxy_set_header  X-Forwarded-Host $host:$server_port/pypi;
        proxy_set_header  X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
        proxy_set_header  X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        proxy_set_header  X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_pass        http://pypi;
    }
}

Supporting HTTPS

Using a reverse proxy is the preferred way of getting pypiserver behind HTTPS. For example, to put pypiserver behind HTTPS on port 443, with automatic HTTP redirection, using nginx:

upstream pypi {
    server               localhost:8000;
}

server {
    listen              80 default_server;
    server_name         _;
    return              301 https://$host$request_uri;
}

server {
    listen              443 ssl;
    server_name         pypiserver.example.com;

    ssl_certificate     /etc/star.example.com.crt;
    ssl_certificate_key /etc/star.example.com.key;
    ssl_protocols       TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;
    ssl_ciphers         HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;

    location / {
        proxy_set_header  Host $host:$server_port;
        proxy_set_header  X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
        proxy_set_header  X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_pass        http://pypi;
    }
}

Please see nginx's HTTPS docs for more details.

Getting and keeping your certificates up-to-date can be simplified using, for example, using certbot and letsencrypt.

Traefik

It is also possible to use Traefik to put pypiserver behind HTTPS on port 443, with automatic HTTP redirection using Docker Compose. Please see the provided docker-compose.yml example for more information.

Utilizing the API

In order to enable ad-hoc authentication-providers or to use WSGI-servers not supported by bottle out-of-the-box, you needed to launch pypiserver via its API.

• The main entry-point for configuring pypiserver is the pypiserver:app() <https://github.com/pypiserver/pypiserver/blob/master/pypiserver/__init__.py#L116>_ function. This function returns the internal WSGI-app that you my then send to any WSGI-server you like.

• To get all pypiserver:app() keywords and their explanations, read the function pypiserver:default_config() <https://github.com/pypiserver/pypiserver/blob/master/pypiserver/__init__.py#L35>_.

• Finally, to fire-up a WSGI-server with the configured app, invoke the bottle:run(app, host, port, server) function. Note that pypiserver ships with it is own copy of bottle; to use it, import it: from pypiserver import bottle

Using Ad-Hoc Authentication Providers

The auther keyword of pypiserver:app() function maybe set only using the API. This can be any callable that returns a boolean when passed the username and the password for a given request.

For example, to authenticate users based on the /etc/passwd file under Unix, you may delegate such decisions to the python-pam library by following these steps:

1. Ensure python-pam module is installed:

   pip install python-pam
   

2. Create a python-script along these lines:

   $ cat > pypiserver-start.py
   import pypiserver
   from pypiserver import bottle
   import pam
   app = pypiserver.app(root='./packages', auther=pam.authenticate)
   bottle.run(app=app, host='0.0.0.0', port=80, server='auto')
   
   [Ctrl+ D]
   

3. Invoke the python-script to start-up pypiserver:

   $ python pypiserver-start.py
   

Note:

The python-pam module requires read access to the /etc/shadow file; you may add the user under which pypiserver runs into the shadow group, with a command like this: sudo usermod -a -G shadow pypy-user.